5.2.1 Take your pick: Theoretical, conceptual, contextual – the role of theory in case study research design

Raphaela Kane, Lecturer/Director of Academic Practice, School of nursing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Abstract:

Anfara and Mertz (2006) reviewed the literature on theoretical frameworks in qualitative research and put forward three different understandings; first, that theory has little relationship to qualitative research, second, that theory in qualitative research relates to the methodology the researcher chooses to use and the epistemologies underlying that methodology, and third, that theory in qualitative research is broader and more pervasive in its role than methodology. Various arguments are put forward to support or refute the above. Terminology differs according to author and perspective and includes such terms as, theoretical stance, theoretical lens, conceptual context and conceptual framework. Whilst in the process of undertaking case study research, the work of Yin (1994) and Stake (1995) was examined for perspectives on the contribution of theoretical frameworks. Initially it appeared that polar views were taken by each. Stake is quoted as saying that a theoretical framework “will not add anything to the findings of a rigorous case study” (2007). However, Stake (1995) refers to a conceptual structure made up of issue questions, suggesting that issues are abstract and “draw us toward observing, and even teasing out, the problems of the case, the conflictual outpourings and the complex backgrounds of human concern” (P.17). Yin (1994), on the other hand, suggests that case study research requires that a theoretical framework be identified at the outset of the inquiry, since it affects the research questions, analysis and interpretation of findings. Yin (1994) argues that the complete case study design “embodies a theory of what is being studied” (P.28). This paper provides a brief overview of the conclusions provided by Anfara and Mertz (2006). These conclusions on the contribution of theoretical frameworks, provide the context within which the positions taken by Stake and Yin are examined with particular reference to case study design.